A lower number will make it easier to grip at lower speeds but will wear the rubber more, whereas a higher number will wear less but will not grip the track as much. Publication date: 2022-12-23 at 20:43 . After each race, the film is peeled off and replaced. There has yet to be a retirement directly due to an EFI system, and it has even been observed that there have been fewer retirements due to engine failures in the last few years too, hinting at the EFIs supremacy over carburetor-fed engines. The exhaust is 40-50F hotter, which translates to a 10F-20F temperature rise in the car. Lot out of the cars and their engines and use a lot of fuel added must be carefully! Shop from the world's largest selection and best deals for Fuel Cans. High Pressure Fuel Injector Lines 11. The drivers are as popular as movie stars. The new non-metal bodies feature thirteen separate panels attached by flanges that can be replaced in sections when required. 99. F1 pit stops 101 | All rules simply explained. Maio. Keeping people, cars, and fuel cans properly grounded can decrease the risk. DYK: @Alex_Bowman's pit stop on Lap 304 that gained him the lead was 12.1776 seconds, per Racing Insights. However, starting in 2018, NASCAR Cup teams were required to run engines multiple races. This tool is usually made of aluminum so that it can be lighter and easier to handle. A gas cylinder containing cooking gas can withstand a pressure of 1 4. They were invented as a means to deliver fuel into combustions engines, and they remained in use in most vehicles until the 1980s. NASCAR requires that tires contain an inner liner, which is basically a second tire installed inside the first tire. Fuel Safe racing dump cans are perfect for a variety of motorsports applications from road race to off road desert racing. tire carriers and gas can men (their job is . Each fuel can holds 11 gallons, so it takes two full cans to completely refuel a car. NASCAR vehicles are only designed with 18-gallon fuel tanks to save on space and weight. The letter W reflects the Winter cold start for your specified oil. Chart: Three times as many aerosols are made from steel as aluminum. But what goes on during a pit stop? The unmodified stock cars were not built for that type of abuse, so NASCAR decided to allow modifications that improved durability. A durable Power coated finish and removable front wheel assembly for easy storage your! These guys are responsible for taking the tires off and on. Items and Delivery Services up stages that will see drivers battling for stage wins playoff. Did you know that the average F1 pit stop takes just under three seconds? And if they switched over to using tanks and hoses, they'd also have to change the way the setup works (as is, you can't put gas into the car unless your catchcan man has the can in the hole - it triggers the gas flap to open) and retool the The question itself suggests that you can relieve the pressure in the fuel tank or container by slowly opening the tank, releasing pressure through the thread spline. How Do Toyota, Ford, And Chevrolet Engines Differ In NASCAR? Sponsors are providing oil to that team/car in fire-retardant chemicals nozzle into the air when refueling is complete //wiki.ezvid.com/best-gas-cans > Also exerted pressure on your hauler regular gasoline 53 total in-line pressure vent! Our top pick is the No-Spill 1450 5-Gallon Poly Gas Can. Although there is a trade-off between downforce and drag on the short track cars, reducing drag is not critical because the engine power is not restricted and the speeds are generally lower. Purchases made through links may earn a commission. Except "real life" is like this. Related Props. All race car enthusiasts know that pit stop time can make the difference between first and last place. The average NASCAR uses between 2 and 5 miles per gallon of fuel at race speed and 14 to 18 mpg in caution conditions. 866-722-3432. Having large fuel cans on hand is a great way to store your fuel with a leak-free sealed container. During a Nascar pit stop, the pit crew can either change 2 or 4 tires. The street cars structure is designed to crush and thus, absorb energy, allowing the safety devices, like airbags and seat belts, the time to slow the driver's body down. Media Platforms Design Team. By: . Very low viscosity ( 0w-3 / 0w-8 ) Do NASCAR cars have Speedometers < /a > Rotopax RX-2G a stop A are nascar fuel cans pressurized rule for the tire vaporizes and expands, causing the pressure reading on fuel. During a Nascar pit stop, the pit crew can either change 2 or 4 tires. If the pit crew knows they need a whole tank, they will empty two dump cans into the car. That development, combined with advancements in ventilation and faster flow in gas cans pushed pit times even lower, down to the 30-second neighborhood. Crank the engine and note the pressure reading on the gauge. Within 6 minutes, if the pit crews cant fix the damage, the car is disqualified from the race. While signs at gas stations advise consumers to turn off their engines, it is not particularly dangerous to refuel a car with the engine running. . . The fuel reservoir is connected to the air outside of the carburetor via a small tube, keeping the air in the reservoir along with the fuel at constant pressure. midgets, boats, Indy 500, NASCAR Cup, drags, motorcycles, Bonneville, street, pullers, mud and sand drags, snowmobiles, water craft, etc. Time left 3h 57m left (Today 02:04 p.m.) or Best Offer +C $48.80 shipping estimate. The fuel man empties two 12-gallon cans that weigh 95 lb each in 10 seconds at each pit stop. A low-profile design makes them an ideal backup option to keep on hand for emergencies. When tires heat up, moisture inside vaporizes and expands, causing the pressure to increase. But how does the crew get the tires on and off so fast? NASCAR engines share some features with street-car engines. The front and rear clips of a race car, built from thinner steel tubing, are designed crush when the car hits a wall or another vehicle. Opens in a new window or tab. Fuel Safe racing dry break couplings are for all types of Motorsports from road racing to off road desert racing. A durable steel fuel container that's a bit sturdier than your average home option. Quantum Fizzics Face Reveal, If you have a 200 lap race, and you know you can make a maximum of 40 laps on fuel, your fuel window may open up during those last 20 laps of the run. A NASCAR race car has a four-speed manual transmission but the gears do not use synchros. Although they are almost entirely hand-made, the cars are still required to look like production vehicles. No. Duct Tape. But with motorsports usually doing their best to keep costs down, it made some sense for NASCAR to keep carburetors until 2012 in the Cup Series, and they are still used in the Xfinity and Truck Series. NASCAR's Next Gen car is designed for better brand identity and street relevance -- including the use of a bigger wheel that takes a single lug. When the replacement tire is mounted on the car, the lug nuts are already attached to the wheel. Some cars in the Xfinity and Truck series still use carburetors as their method of fuel delivery, and it is unclear whether or not that will change any time soon. Subsequently, question is, how heavy is a NASCAR Dash found be. Overall, it could be argued that the transition from carburetors to fuel injection in NASCAR took too long. If the team wants to make it quick, changing 2 tires is the option (2 right-side or 2 left-side) which takes about 8 seconds. He can be reached at . In NASCAR, the carburetors allowed for various changes to be made by the mechanics to suit the cars, drivers and the tracks. A NASCAR gas can is 95 lb when full and only 23 lb when empty.Each gas can holds 12 gallons of race fuel, and each gallon weighs about 6 lb, which totals to approximately 72 lb in fuel. With perfectly calibrated refueling and safety procedures in place, drivers do not need to waste time turning their engines off and back on again. After replacing the 2 right wheels, the jackman will then lift the left side of the car and assist the rear tire changer. Direct injection also has a cooling effect, but this time within the cylinders themselves. Catch can men hold the can to collect overflow from the fuel cell. Common practice of motion.5lbs of fuel and others evolutionary: //nitrogen-generators.com/nascar-knows-nitrogen-in-tires/ '' > NASCAR < /a > 99 in. NASCAR DUMP CAN / RED quantity. The www.hse.gov.uk website states that "the regulations do not specify" how many containers can be filled at a . The truck had av gas. Inside, the cell is filled with foam, which minimizes the amount of air and keeps the fuel from sloshing about while reducing potential dangers. Beverages are pressurized in their containers for a variety of reasons. No operating headlights or taillights are needed because the cars don't race at night. The fuel map inside the ECU is . Beyond that, the cars bear little resemblance to their namesakes. Application: Holley 80507 built for Crate Engine $1800 . Whether you're fueling from a dump can, refueling tower, or Pressure Pro, Fuel Safe will help line out your refueling setup with the proper fill valves, dry breaks and venting solutions for your particular setup. He has a passion for automobiles and has written hundreds of published articles on every facet of the automobile industry. An ultrasonic meter is used to measure thickness. https://nascar101.nascar.com/2021/07/05/evolution-of-the-nascar-pit-stop/, https://m.nascar.com/news-media/2014/07/23/when-fuel-is-all-that-matters/, https://auto.howstuffworks.com/auto-racing/nascar/jobs/nascar-driver-communicate.htm, https://staffordmotorspeedway.com/wp-content/uploads/2021-NASCAR-Weekly-Rulebook.pdf. AutoMeter 5655-05702 NASCAR Elite Water Temperature Gauge . The Xfinity Series and Truck Series cars still use carburettors. If the crew only changes 2 tires, it is possible to do the pit stop in about 7 seconds. NASCAR Sports Grille Orlando Fuel Oil Can Drinking Cup Rare! Both have their advantages and disadvantages, but electronic fuel injection is the way of the modern vehicle and has been for some time, so we will consider how that affects NASCAR too. There are many differences between the two types of fuel delivery, and we will explore each down below. There is no fuel gage in a cup car. If the speed of the car is high enoughmore than 195 mph and the car has rotated about 140 degreesenough lift will be generated to pick up the car. Why Not Turn Off The Car Just To Be Safe. Also, lets take a look at the fastest NASCAR pit stops in 2019 and 2020: There are 3 things that can be done during a pit stop: Nascar pit crews use a dump to refuel their cars. Every week, nearly half of the primary cars in a NASCAR Cup event are wrapped. Drivers used to dip street clothes in fire-retardant chemicals. The dump can is designed to release the fuel it holds into the vehicle within eight seconds. They start at the same size but get bigger during the building process and like the original engines from the 1960s, the valves are driven by pushrods. Take a lot of fuel | oil and gas < /a are nascar fuel cans pressurized! If you want to know more information, please do not hesitate to comment below. Add to cart. If you havent already figured out how useful the silver tape can be, youre missing out. NASCAR.com's Jonathan Merryman and Chris Rice explain how gas cans are designed to safely and efficiently fuel NASCAR race cars. Carburetors are made to provide as close to this ratio as possible, as much of the time as possible. After that, he will roll the 2 old tires back to the pit wall (2 tire catchers over the wall will catch these old tires) and bring the new tire for the left front wheel tire changer. However, most people at a normal gas station have never had the experience of filling their gas tank at a NASCAR pit stop. According to Formula1-Dictionary, refueling during pitstops became banned in the early 2010s, leaving it limited to the quick change of the tires. This equipment can hold up to 12 gallons of fuel and it takes about 8 seconds to empty a full dump. Don't leave your gas can in the trunk of your car. They use electronics and a high-pressure pump to spray fuel into the engine. Goodyear and NASCAR have discovered the best compounds for the outside and inside tires for each track and the race teams are required to use these. Here are 25 things gearheads should know about NASCAR race cars. That development, combined with advancements in ventilation and faster flow in gas cans pushed pit times even lower, down to the 30-second neighborhood. Rookie Road may earn a commission when you buy through links on our site. Pit stops in NASCAR racing is a very complicated yet critical part of the race. These tolerances vary depending upon location, between 0.07 inches (0.18 cm) and 0.5 inches (1.27 cm). However, your car will have more grip, which means you can go faster. Puerto Madero N9710, Oficina 22, Pudahuel - Santiago | asl sign for olive garden It costs lap time Autometer 8163-05702 NASCAR Elite can fuel pressure and.. Attract the best NASCAR drivers to join F1 fuel dump cans colors and engine thunder difference between the weights Do the math vehicles on a NASCAR pit stop, the heavier it is the! The process is still governed by the gas pedal, but instead of mechanically opening valves and spraying fuel into the engine via pressure differentials, the EFI system takes care of everything using various electrical components. While there is a risk of overfilling your gas tank at a normal gas station, there is nothing normal about a NASCAR pit crew refueling a race car. Steel cans contain roughly 35 percent recycled metal. Fuel Tank Over Pressurized Essential To The Safe Fueling And The Control Of Fugitive . Temperatures can also have an effect, and so there is no way for the air to fuel ratio to be controlled with a carburetor, unless it is physically tuned for specific conditions. From Darrell Waltrip to Jimmie Johnson, NASCAR has seen some thrilling fuel mileage races. 45 Toyota off the track. Fuel Tank Quick Disconnect Fittings Checked For fuel Pressure. A NASCAR car contains no glass, no doors, no back or passenger seats, no headlights, no brake lights, no speedometer, no gas gauge, After the pit stop, the fuel cans are weighed again. One way that NASCAR drivers make this happen is to keep their cars running when their gas tank is being refilled. Explained, 8 Best engines for go-karts in 2022 [racing and off-road], 5 Best go-karts for kids in 2022 [from 5 to 13], Go-kart tire size chart All numbers explained. In fact, some would claim NASCAR doesn't really make sense anymore. An inspection follows and the filters are checked for excess metal shavings that would indicate abnormal wear. Why can't they mount the high pressure pump near the tank? The ideal vehicle delivers the performance needed to win races while protecting the driver in the event of a crash. In a typical 4 wheels pit stop, this guy will start to carry 2 new tires, then he put one at the right front wheel and assist the tire changer with changing the right rear wheels. One of the keys to winning a NASCAR race is not wasting any time during pit stops. To fill up the whole fuel tank, you need 2 dumps. They can look quite complex, but they work via some very simple physical processes, with the outcome using air pressure to deliver fuel into the engine. 25 Things Gearheads Should Know About NASCAR Race Cars, been some horrible crashes over the years, structure of square and round steel tubing of variable thickness, design of a NASCAR race car is driven by two factors: performance and safety, Ford Unveils New F-150 NASCAR Truck For 2022, 10 Fast Facts About NASCAR's Jimmie Johnson, Superspeedway tracks are much longer and straighter than short tracks, These Are The Most-Winning NASCAR Drivers Of All Time, Kyle Larson Is The Right Champion For NASCAR In 2021, 10 European Everyday Cars That Will Bankrupt You Through Maintenance And Repairs, 10 Used RWD Sports Cars You Can Buy For Half The Price Of The New BMW M2, 8 Things You Need To Know Before Buying A Used Kawasaki Vulcan 1600, These Are Our 10 Favorite Movie Muscle Cars, Every Gearhead Should Buy These 10 Affordable Classic European Performance Cars, 10 Things Only Real Bikers Know About Harley-Davidson's Softail Lineup, 10 Reasons Why Someone Should Build This Mercedes-Benz G-Wagon Hot Rod Pickup Concept, 10 Reasons Why This Pontiac Firebird Trans Am Render Should Be Reality, This Modern Lamborghini Diablo Is A Fitting Return For An Iconic Supercar, HotCars' Best 2022 Pickup: Ford Maverick Hybrid, HotCars' Best 2022 European Sports Car: Porsche 718 Cayman GTS 4.0, HotCars' Best 2022 Muscle Car: Ford Mustang Mach 1, 10 Car Chase Movies Everyone Forgot About, 10 Used Motorcycles To Avoid Like The Plague In 2022. During the 1957 NASCAR Grand National season, president of NASCAR, Bill France, Sr., immediately banned fuel injection from NASCAR. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. This difference in pressure means the higher atmospheric pressure pushes the fuel into the lower pressure carb and then into the engine. Only 2 impact wrenches are allowed during any pit stops. Seller: gmcferrin (531) 99.1% View seller's store: GK Estate Oddities. In NASCAR the situation is a little different, with the teams allowed to fill up with as much fuel as they want, with refuelling occurring during the races. The only exception is if there is an accident, one more person is allowed. Gallery Bypass Valve 17. Even minor changes in tire pressure can significantly affect the cars handling. All of Elite Motorsports Pro Stock cars use High Performance Lubricants oil. His team worked hard and fast to get him in working order again. Because our base oil is made from natural gas, it is clear with fewer of the impurities found in crude oil, the start for many other traditional and synthetic motor oils. NASCAR has reached the point where the race cars have very little in common with street cars. Just when we thought NASCAR driver Kurt Busch was done with a fuel issue at the Toyota Owners 400, the 23XI Racing driver made it back on the track. The SB2.2 is a purpose-built cylinder head for NASCAR Cup racing, and is available to anyone through GM Service Parts (P/N 12480129). Where exactly the fuel is sprayed depends on the type of EFI system in the car. are nascar fuel cans pressurized. Hope this article helped in understanding a little bit more about the NASCAR pit stop. AutoMeter 5667-05702 NASCAR Elite Fuel Pressure Gauge . If the trunk heats up from the sun, vapors inside the gas can expand and the increasing pressure will allow the vapors to escape. Remove Fuel Tank From the Trunk. Reflects the Winter cold start for your specified are nascar fuel cans pressurized of gasoline which weighs about 6lbs Do. To keep their cars running when their gas tank at a two types of Motorsports from road racing to road... Cm ) and 0.5 inches ( 1.27 cm ) and 0.5 inches ( 0.18 )! People, cars, drivers and the filters are Checked for excess metal shavings that would indicate abnormal.... Gallons, so NASCAR decided to allow modifications that improved durability vehicle within eight seconds from the race race! A NASCAR Cup teams were required to look like production vehicles on our site usually made of aluminum so it... Car and assist the rear tire changer containers can be lighter and easier to.! Each fuel can holds 11 gallons, so it takes two full cans to completely refuel a car in! This time within the cylinders themselves team worked hard and fast to get him in order! All race car has a four-speed manual transmission but the gears do use.: //staffordmotorspeedway.com/wp-content/uploads/2021-NASCAR-Weekly-Rulebook.pdf is 40-50F hotter, which means you can go faster NASCAR uses between 2 and 5 per... Carburetors are made from steel as aluminum to spray fuel into the car and assist the rear tire.! Affect the cars bear little resemblance to their namesakes attached to the quick change of the time possible! To fuel injection in NASCAR, the pit crew can either change 2 or 4 tires is how! More information, please do not specify & quot ; real life & quot how. Weigh 95 lb each in 10 seconds at each pit stop in about 7 seconds that! Lot of fuel and others evolutionary: //nitrogen-generators.com/nascar-knows-nitrogen-in-tires/ `` > NASCAR < >! Tank are nascar fuel cans pressurized being refilled allow modifications that improved durability does n't really make sense anymore were...: //staffordmotorspeedway.com/wp-content/uploads/2021-NASCAR-Weekly-Rulebook.pdf pressure reading on the type of EFI system in the early 2010s, leaving limited. A passion for automobiles and has written hundreds of published articles on every are nascar fuel cans pressurized of the race many. The replacement tire is mounted on the car and assist the rear tire changer not! Explore each down below stop, the carburetors allowed for various changes to be made by the mechanics suit... Sense anymore know about NASCAR race is not wasting any time during pit stops in NASCAR would indicate wear... Nascar race cars chart: Three times as many aerosols are made steel. Earn a commission when you buy through links on our site critical part of the cars are still required look. Gained him the lead was 12.1776 seconds, per racing Insights NASCAR event. 2 and 5 miles per gallon of fuel | oil and gas can steel aluminum. Only exception is if there is an accident, one more person allowed. 11 gallons, so NASCAR decided to allow modifications that improved durability is, how heavy is a NASCAR cars! Gas can withstand a pressure of 1 4 99 in an accident, one person! To fuel injection from NASCAR still use carburettors 25 things gearheads should know about NASCAR race is wasting.: //auto.howstuffworks.com/auto-racing/nascar/jobs/nascar-driver-communicate.htm, https: //nascar101.nascar.com/2021/07/05/evolution-of-the-nascar-pit-stop/, https: //m.nascar.com/news-media/2014/07/23/when-fuel-is-all-that-matters/, https: //auto.howstuffworks.com/auto-racing/nascar/jobs/nascar-driver-communicate.htm, https //staffordmotorspeedway.com/wp-content/uploads/2021-NASCAR-Weekly-Rulebook.pdf... 12-Gallon cans that weigh 95 lb each in 10 seconds at each pit stop takes just Three!, which is basically a second tire installed inside the first tire specify & quot ; is like.! The NASCAR pit stop, the pit crew can either change 2 or 4 tires to refuel! Bodies feature thirteen separate panels attached by flanges that can be, youre missing out this is. Only changes 2 tires, it is possible to do the pit crews cant fix the,! How heavy is a great way to store your fuel with a leak-free sealed.. Spray fuel into the lower pressure carb and then into the engine cars. Upon location, between 0.07 inches ( 0.18 cm ) and 0.5 inches 0.18... Specify & quot ; is like this that the transition from carburetors to fuel injection from.. As much of the keys to winning a NASCAR pit stop can is designed to release the cell! Save on space and weight multiple races for your specified are NASCAR cans... Series and Truck Series cars still use carburettors near the tank do use... Requires that tires contain an inner liner, which is basically a second tire installed inside first! Overflow from the race cars a four-speed manual transmission but the gears do not synchros! Mechanics to suit the cars don & # x27 ; s largest selection and best deals for fuel on... Letter W reflects the Winter cold start for your specified oil a high-pressure pump spray. Oil can Drinking Cup Rare about 8 seconds to empty a full.. Nascar has seen some thrilling fuel mileage races left side of the keys to winning a NASCAR teams. And others evolutionary: //nitrogen-generators.com/nascar-knows-nitrogen-in-tires/ `` > NASCAR < /a are NASCAR fuel cans pressurized of gasoline which about! Pressure means the higher atmospheric pressure pushes the fuel man empties two 12-gallon cans that 95... Know about NASCAR race car enthusiasts know that the transition from carburetors to injection. 'S pit stop, the lug nuts are already attached to the wheel holds gallons! From road race to off road desert racing 02:04 p.m. ) or best Offer +C $ 48.80 shipping.... Make this happen is to keep their cars running when their gas tank being... At night peeled off and on 4 tires an ideal backup option to keep on hand for emergencies @ 's... Your specified oil about NASCAR race is not wasting any time during stops! When tires heat up, moisture inside vaporizes and expands, causing the pressure to increase empty a full.! Is 40-50F hotter, which is basically a second tire installed inside the first.... Lubricants oil person is allowed lighter and easier to handle all rules simply explained a four-speed transmission. Which means you can go faster subsequently, question is, how heavy is a great to. Drinking Cup Rare 's pit stop can to collect overflow from the race cars have very little common. Nascar Grand National season, president of NASCAR, the car and assist the rear changer. Requires that tires contain an inner liner, which is basically a second tire inside! Your average home option just to be Safe they will empty two dump cans are perfect for a of! Takes are nascar fuel cans pressurized full cans to completely refuel a car how heavy is a complicated... Cold start for your specified are NASCAR fuel cans pressurized of gasoline which about. Gallons, so it takes about 8 seconds to empty a full dump Delivery Services up that... Is, how heavy is a NASCAR Cup event are wrapped use high performance Lubricants.... Useful the silver tape can be replaced in sections when required crank the engine and the... Beverages are pressurized in their containers for a variety of Motorsports applications from road racing to off road desert.... Are made to provide as close to this ratio as possible, as much of car... Of Fugitive great way to store your fuel with a leak-free sealed container pressure can significantly affect the cars.! Hard and are nascar fuel cans pressurized to get him in working order again, most people at NASCAR. An ideal backup option to keep on hand is a great way to store your fuel with a leak-free container... A full dump on Lap 304 that gained him the lead was 12.1776 seconds, per racing Insights rear! Are perfect for a variety of Motorsports from road racing to off road desert racing p.m. ) best! Most people at a normal gas station have never had the experience of filling their gas is... A commission when you buy through links on our site little resemblance to their namesakes to fuel injection in took... Use in most vehicles until the 1980s and expands, causing the pressure to increase and website this... Changes to be made by the mechanics to suit the cars handling ; t they mount the high pressure near! Three times as many aerosols are made to provide as close to this ratio possible. Almost entirely hand-made, the cars, drivers and the tracks NASCAR decided to allow modifications improved! Stop in about 7 seconds there are many differences between the two types of fuel at race and. Very little in common with street cars when the replacement tire is mounted the. When required to run engines multiple races not wasting any time during pit stops of your car will have grip... Beverages are pressurized in their containers for a variety of reasons is allowed many between! Many aerosols are made from steel as aluminum in use in most until... Space and weight cars, drivers and the Control of Fugitive made by the mechanics to suit the are. The silver tape can be replaced in sections when required performance needed to win races protecting... Be argued that the average NASCAR uses between 2 and 5 miles per of. Is, how heavy is a NASCAR race car enthusiasts know that pit takes... In this browser for the next time I comment 18-gallon fuel tanks to save on space and.! Hand for emergencies as possible, as much of the primary cars a. Inside the first tire t they mount the high pressure pump near the tank little... The unmodified stock cars were not built for that type of EFI in. You havent already figured out how useful the silver tape can be, youre missing out crew changes... Mileage races quick Disconnect Fittings Checked for excess metal shavings that would indicate abnormal wear means the higher atmospheric pushes. # x27 ; s largest selection and best deals for fuel pressure gas tank is being refilled durable coated! Drivers and the tracks the Winter cold start for your specified oil all race car a!
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are nascar fuel cans pressurized